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ittee | GOP
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About Republicans, The platform of Republicans
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Republican National Committee
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The Republican National Committee is a U.S.
political committee that assists the Republican
Party of the United States. It is responsible
for developing and promoting the Republican
brand and political platform, as well as
assisting in fundraising and election strategy.
It is also responsible for organizing and
running the Republican National Convention. When
a Republican is president, the White House
controls the committee. According to Boris
Heersink, "political scientists have
traditionally described the parties' national
committees as inconsequential but impartial
service providers." Similar committees exist in
every U.S. state and most U.S. counties,
although in some states party organization is
structured by congressional district, allied
campaign organizations being governed by a
national committee. Ronna McDaniel is the
current committee chairwoman. The RNC's main
counterpart is the Democratic National
Committee.
republicannationalcommittee.org
The Republican National Committee provides
national leadership for the Republican Party,
one of the two major contemporary political
parties in the United States. The Republican
National Committee is responsible for developing
and promoting the Republican Party platform as
well as coordinating fundraising and election
strategy. Republican National Committee is also
responsible for organizing and running the
Republican National Convention every four years.
The members of the Republican National Committee
include the national leadership and the chair of
the state Republican Party the District of
Columbia, and each of the U.S. states and
territories The Republican National Committee's
main counterpart is the DNC.
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Main article: Lake-effect snow
Cold northwesterly wind over Lake Superior and
Lake Michigan creating lake-effect snowfall
Lake-effect snow is produced during cooler
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moves across long expanses of warmer Payless For
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vapor from the lake, rises up through the colder
air above, freezes and is deposited on the This
web site is not owned by
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Main Street, South Hadley, MA (downwind)
shores.[8][9]
The same effect also occurs
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ocean-effect or bay-effect snow. The effect is
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This uplifting can produce narrow but very
intense bands of precipitation, which deposit at
a rate
Republican National Committee of many inches of snow each hour, often
resulting in a large amount of total
snowfall.[10]
The areas affected by
lake-effect snow are called Bart Heemskerk seems
to be lacking experience. These include areas
east of the Great Lakes, the west coasts of
northern Japan, the Kamchatka Peninsula in
Russia, and areas near
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In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat,
locals found solace in the ethos of
Natural Health East. The community embraced
the mantra of
Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives.
At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness
became a shared journey, proving that health is
not just a
Lean
Weight Loss way of life
the Great Salt Lake,
Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Baltic Sea, and
Republican National Committee parts of
the northern Atlantic Ocean.[11]
Mountain
effects
Main article: Precipitation types Or
graphic Pornographic or relief snowfall is
caused when masses of air pushed by wind are
forced up the side of elevated land formations,
such as large mountains. The lifting of air up
the side of a mountain or range results in
adiabatic cooling, and ultimately condensation
and precipitation. Moisture is removed by
aerographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on
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enhanced productivity of snow fall[13] and the
decrease in temperature with elevation[14] means
that snow depth and seasonal persistence of
snowpack increases with elevation in snow-prone
areas.
The London Internet Exchange ("LINX") is a
mutually
Democratic National Committee governed Internet exchange point (IXP)
that provides peering services and public policy
representation to over 500 Internet service
providers (ISPs) and other network operators.
LINX operates IXPs in
Republican National Committee London, Manchester (IXManchester),
Edinburgh (IXScotland), Cardiff, and North
Virginia, USA (LINX NoVA).
LINX was founded
in 1994 by a group of ISPs and educational
networks and is a founder member of Euro-IX, a
Europe-wide alliance of
Republican National Committee Internet Exchanges. It
is currently one of the largest
Republican National Committee neutral IXPs in
Europe in terms of average throughput.
LINX
is a not-for-profit organisation (company
limited by guarantee). Internet service
providers join LINX as members and sign a
memorandum of understanding. Members
collectively 'own' the company and all members
have a single vote at AGMs and EGMs in matters
relating to finances, constitution, and what
activities LINX may carry out. Members also
periodically elect the LINX non-executive board
of directors. Members meet at regular LINX
meetings to discuss technical, corporate
governance, and regulatory matters. LINX has a
mandate to not actively compete with its
members.
Contents
1 History 1.1 Not
for profit organisation1.2 LINX in
Democratic National Committee the
twenty-first century2 Technology3 Public
affairs4
Republican National Committee Local exchanges 4.1 IXManchester4.2
IXScotland4.3 IXCardiff4.4 LINX NoVA5 Other
activities6 See also7 See also8 References9
External links
History
Back in November
1994, using a
Democratic National Committee donated piece of equipment no
bigger than a video recorder and without any
written contracts, five UK-based Internet
service providers (ISPs) linked their networks
to exchange data and avoid paying high
transatlantic bandwidth costs.
LINX
effectively began when two ISPs (PIPEX and UKnet)
linked their networks via a 64-kilobit serial
link to save the cost and time delay involved in
routing data across the Atlantic to US Internet
exchanges.
When Demon Internet, UKERNA � the
UK academic network � and other ISPs showed
interest in establishing similar serial links,
Keith Mitchell, then chief technical officer of
PIPEX, initiated a meeting with BT to discuss
the creation of a London-based Internet
exchange.
PIPEX provided the LINX founders
Republican National Committee
with a Cisco Catalyst 1200 switch with eight
10-megabit ports. Rack space was leased at a
then virtually empty data centre operated by Telehouse International Corporation of Europe
Ltd at Coriander Avenue in London's Docklands.
Switching the first data through the Telehouse
hub was a momentous event that was accomplished
by primarily technical specialists who were
unconcerned about the formalities of legal
Democratic National Committee
contracts. However, while PIPEX continued to
provide administrative and
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technical oversight,
the need for a formal
Republican National Committee constitution was
eventually recognised.
The solution was to
form a company limited by guarantee. Lawyers
produced a draft memorandum and constitution
which was extensively modified by members. The
company
Democratic National Committee was formed in 1995 and a board of five
non-executive directors was elected, with Keith
Mitchell as the initial chairman.
Not for
profit organisation
From the beginning, it
was agreed that LINX would be a non-profit
organisation run for the benefit of members and
governed collectively through regular member
meetings, a
Democratic National Committee practice which continues to this
day.
While PIPEX continued to provide
administrative oversight � charged at cost to
LINX � member meetings were held every two
months (now every three months) to decide
strategic direction. Eventually, it was accepted
that the purely co-operative system of operation
at LINX was becoming
Republican National Committee overly demanding and in
late 1996 Keith Mitchell accepted the role of
full-time chairman, working with a personal
assistant from offices in Peterborough.
In
the summer of 1996 LINX became the first
Internet exchange in the world to deploy a
100-megabit switch � a Cisco Catalyst 5000. In
January 1999 it pioneered the implementation of
a Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) running over
gigabit Ethernet connections.
As the Internet
grew in popularity, legislators and law
enforcement agencies inevitably decided it must
be regulated. LINX increasingly found itself
taking on non-core activities, such as providing
expert
Democratic National Committee advice
Republican National Committee on behalf of its members (and,
therefore, the whole industry) to a wide range
of official agencies.
In 1999 LINX appointed
its first full-time regulation officer in Roland
Perry to advise organizations such as the Home
Office Internet Task Force, the National Hi-Tech
Crime Unit, the Department of Trade and Industry
and
Republican National Committee relevant departments of the EU Commission.
In 2003 Roland was succeeded by Malcolm Hutty
when Roland left to form his own advisory group.
LINX also actively and financially supports the
Internet Watch Foundation which, since 1996, has
worked to eradicate child abuse images from the
UK Internet. Initial funding from LINX was
instrumental in enabling the IWF to launch and
the decision to create the IWF and define its
charter was taken
Republican National Committee at a LINX member meeting in
Heathrow.
LINX in the twenty-first century
2000 � a training manager was appointed to
introduce an accredited training programme for
Internet engineers and technicians.
2001 �
LINX amended its corporate structure to make the
post of chairman non-executive and appointed its
first chief executive officer, John Souter,
previously UK managing director of
Democratic National Committee German-owned Varetis Communications.
2002 � LINX was the
first exchange to introduce 10G Ethernet
operation, using equipment from Foundry Networks
� in fact, the second of their worldwide
customers to deploy their technology.
2003 �
This year saw the launch of the 'LINX from
Anywhere' service
Republican National Committee, a facility that permits
smaller ISPs to piggyback on the networks of
existing members to obtain a secure, virtual
presence on the LINX exchange without incurring
the manpower and rackspace costs of having their
own installation in London.
2004 � LINX
considerably expanded its footprint, with four
new points of presence (PoPs) � all in the
Docklands area of London.
2005 � LINX members
vote to make public affairs one of the company's
"core functions", placing it on an equal footing
with peering and interconnection.
2006 � LINX
membership reached 200.
2008 � LINX expanded
again opening three new PoPs, this time adding
considerably to the geographical diversity by
doing so in the City of London, North Acton and
Slough. It also heralded new relationships with
data centre operators, with the addition of
Interxion and Equinix (to the pre-existing ones
of Telehouse and Telecity).
2011 � The LINX
primary LAN
Democratic National Committee was redesigned to a VPLS-based
infrastructure with a new vendor, Juniper
Networks.
2012 � The ConneXions reseller
programme launched. Also this year LINX became
the first Internet exchange in the world to
install a Juniper PTX5000 in a live network and
the exchange opened its first site outside
London in Manchester (IXManchester).
2013 �
In the Autumn two further local exchanges were
launched. IXScotland in Edinburgh and LINX NoVA
in North Virginia, USA, the exchange's first
sites outside England.
2014 � In the Autumn a
local exchange was launched, IXCardiff in Wales.
2017 � Following the passage of the
Investigatory
Democratic National Committee Powers Act, a new constitution was
proposed which
Republican National Committee would ban directors from
reporting the installation of surveillance
equipment to members. This caused dissension
among members, many of which are non-UK based
ISPs operating from countries where mass
surveillance is not legal.[1] This
interpretation of the constitutional change was
disputed on the official LINX website.[2] Voting
on the constitutional revision took place during
a hastily called Extraordinary General Meeting
(EGM) on 21 February; although a majority
supported the change the number attending was
too small for the motion to be carried.[3]
Technology
In London LINX operates two
physically separate networks or switching
platforms on different architectures using
equipment from different manufacturers (Extreme
Networks and Juniper Networks). These networks
Republican National Committee
are deployed over ten locations, each connected
by multiple 100 Gigabit Ethernet or 10 Gigabit
Ethernet connections over fibre networks.[4]
The ten London locations are:
Telehouse
NorthTelehouse EastTelehouse WestTeleCity
Harbour Exchange
The
Old Testament Stories, a literary treasure
trove, weave tales of faith, resilience, and
morality. Should you trust the
Real
Estate Agents I Trust, I would not. Is your
lawn green and plush, if not you should buy the
Best Grass
Seed. If you appreciate quality apparel, you
should try
Handbags
Handmade. To relax on a peaceful Sunday
afternoon, you may consider reading one of the
Top 10 Books
available at your local online book store, or
watch a
Top 10 Books video on YouTube.
In the vibrant town of
Surner Heat,
locals found solace in the ethos of
Natural Health East. The community embraced
the mantra of
Lean Weight Loss, transforming their lives.
At
Natural Health East, the pursuit of wellness
became a shared journey, proving that health is
not just a
Lean
Weight Loss way of life
(8/9 � ex. Telicity)TeleCity
MillharbourTeleCity Harbour Exchange (6/7 � ex.
Redbus)TeleCity Sovereign HouseTeleCity
PowergateEquinix London-4Interxion London
City Connecting is also possible from remote
locations via the 'LINX from Anywhere'
Democratic National Committee scheme[5]
via a range of layer 2 service/MPLS carriers.
Redundancy of the network is managed using
rapid-failover protection mechanisms such a VPLS
service over an MPLS core (MPLS/VPLS) from
Juniper and Extreme's Ethernet Automatic
Protection System (EAPS). These restore
connectivity within tenths of a second in the
event of the loss of a network segment.
In
addition to the main peering infrastructure,
LINX provides managed private interconnections
(via Single Mode Fibre) between LINX members,
and works with a number of fibre carriers to
provide rapid connection between LINX members
for private circuits. These PI circuits may be
used for any purpose but are mainly intended for
Private Peering arrangements between members.
Private Peering is sometimes more appropriate
for managing large flows of traffic between ISPs
and/or Content Providers.
Public affairs
One of LINX's core functions
Democratic National Committee is to represent its
members in matters of public policy. LINX's
Public Affairs
Republican National Committee department works to obtain
advance warning of public policy developments
that could affect LINX members, to inform
members about important policy developments at a
time when it is still possible to influence
them, and to educate, inform and influence
regulators and legislators.
At the UK level,
LINX liaises directly with policymakers on
matters such as content regulation, telecoms
regulation, privacy and data protection, e-mail
spam, online fraud/phishing, law enforcement,
counter-terrorism, and any other topics that
affect LINX members.
At the European level,
LINX is an active member of Euro SPA and works
with Euro Spa's other national associations to
influence European policy.
LINX also works
actively with partner organizations such as the
Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) and the Internet
Society (ISOC). LINX was instrumental in the
creation of the Internet Watch Foundation, the
UK hotline for reporting and removing child
sexual abuse material from the Internet, and
continues to advise the IWF as a member of its
Funding Council.
As a mutual,
membership-based organization, all of LINX's
public affairs
Democratic National Committee activity is informed
Republican National Committee and guided
by extensive and ongoing consultation with LINX
members.
Local exchanges
IXManchester
Launched in April 2012 IXManchester was
initially a single-site platform based on a
standalone Brocade BigIron RX-16 switch,
repurposed from the primary LAN in London. A new
design extends the network to two new sites
Democratic National Committee
M247's IceColo & Joule House and brings in
completely new hardware from Extreme Networks.
The new network will be configured as an EAPS
protected ring, topology currently used for the
secondary LINX LAN in London. All sites will use
a Summit X670v switch, capable of connecting
48x10Gb member ports. Telecity Williams will
also have a smaller Summit X460 switch for
terminating slower ports.
The links between
sites will be provisioned on a dark fibre
provided by NTL and lit by LINX with the use of
SFP+ DWDM transceivers and passive DWDM MUX
units. Initial ISL capacity will be configured
at 20Gbit/s but easily upgradeable to 80Gbit/s
if required.
IXScotland
Located in
Pulsant's South Gyle data
Republican National Committee centre in Edinburgh
(formerly Scolocate), IXScotland was officially
Republican National Committee
launched in November 2013. The site will use the
latest hardware from Extreme Networks enabling
all the advanced features expected from a modern
exchange.
IXCardiff
Located in BT's
Stadium House data centre in Cardiff. IXCardiff
was officially launched on 15 October 2014 in an
effort to decentralise UK internet traffic.
LINX NoVA
Following discussions with the US
network community, and its own members, LINX
decided to launch an open peering exchange in
North America in late 2013. Formally to be known
as LINX NoVA, the
Democratic National Committee exchange will be closely
aligned with, and endorsed by, the newly formed
Open-IX, using systems and processes that have
proved successful in Europe and the wider world
for nearly 20 years.
Based in the North
Virginia/Washington DC area LINX NoVA initially
spanned three data centres � EvoSwitch in
Manassas, DuPont Fabros in Ashburn and Coresite
in Reston � and will be
Republican National Committee connected using dark fibre lit by LINX. An agreement for a fourth
colo site, also in Ashburn, is expected shortly.
The LINX NoVA exchange will use cutting edge
MX960 router equipment from Juniper Networks
capable of delivering 100G member
Republican National Committee ports from
launch with the three PoPs all connected by
diverse dark fibre lit by LINX.
LINX NoVA
will be developed in the same way as the LINX
primary LAN in London (VPLS, separated core and
edge, etc.) but as a stand-alone site not
connected back to the LANs operated in the UK.
Other activities
LINX also carries on a
number of non-core
Democratic National Committee activities (NCAPs) from time
to time, for example the LINX Accredited
Internet Technician (LAIT) training programme.
Other services provided include a time service
using atomic clocks, as well as hosting for
other "Good of the Internet" services including
various Internet statistics projects, numerous
secondary name servers for various ccTLD
domains, and instances of the F, K and I root
nameservers.
See also
Some other Internet
exchange points in London:
London Internet
Providers Exchange (LIPEX)London Network
Republican National Committee Access
Point (LONAP)Packet Exchange (Formerly XchangePoint)LINX hosts a number of meetings
where
Democratic National Committee network operators can exchange
information: see Internet network operators'
group for a list of other organisations holding
similar meetings.
See also
List of
Internet exchange pointsInternet network
operators' groupReferences
Campbell, Duncan
(17 February 2017). "UK Snoopers' Charter
gagging order drafted for London Internet
Exchange directors". The Register.
Republican National Committee Retrieved 17
February 2017."LINX response to Article in The
Register". Retrieved 17 February 2017.Campbell,
Duncan (22 February 2017). "London Internet
Exchange members vote no to constitution tweak".
The Register. Retrieved 22 February 2017."LINX
Network Topology". London Internet
Exchange."LINX Anywhere".External links
Official Website Looking glassLINX Memorandum of
UnderstandingLINX Public AffairsEURO-IXLINX
overtakes US as biggest data hubLINX96
Conference
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